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Auxiliary Verb (Group 2)
| A state or an action cannot be controlled by someone or something. | Be –ed; get –ed |
| 【Related Expression: お~になる; られる2】 |
(ksa). 一郎は花子に騙された・騙されました。
Ichiro was deceived by Hanako.
(ksb). ジェーンはフレッドに夜遅くアパートに来られた・来られました。
Fred came to Jane's apartment late at night (and Jane was unhappy).
(ksc). 私は弟にケーキを食べられた・食べられました。
I got my cake eaten by my younger brother./ My younger brother ate my cake (and I was unhappy).
(ksd). 田中先生は日本へ帰られた・帰られました。
Professor Tanaka went back to Japan (honorific).
| (i)Group 1 verbs | Vnegれる | |
| 話される | Be told | |
| (ii)Group 2 verbs | Vstemられる | |
| 食べられる | Be eaten | |
| (iii)Irregular verbs | 来る→来られる | Someone (X) comes to someone (Y) and Y is unhappy |
| する→される | Be done |
(a). このビルは二年前に建てられた。
This building was built two years ago.
(b). この本は１９６５年にアメリカで出版された。
This book was published in America in 1965.
(c). 私は二年前妻に死なれた。
My wife died two years ago (and gave me sorrow).
(d). 原田さんは奥さんに高いコートを買われた。
Mr. Harada's wife bought an expensive coat (and he is unhappy).
(e). 林先生は日本の大学のことを話された。
Professor Hayashi talked about Japanese universities (honorific).
1.There are two types of passive sentences in Japanese. One can be called "direct passive" and the other, "indirect passive". The direct passive is similar to the English passive. (Key Sentence (A), Examples (a) and (b)) That is, for every passive sentence, there is a corresponding active sentence. For example, the active version of Key Senence(A) is (1).
As seen in Key Sentence (A), in direct passive sentences, the direct object in active sentences is presented as the subject; the subject in active sentences is presented as the agent and marked by に. (⇨ に3) Note that verbs in direct passive sentences are always transitive.
2. When the speaker uses a direct passive sentence, he is making a statement from the viewpoint of the receiver of the action. The agent is frequently omitted when he/it is not important and/or unknown, as in Examples (a) and (b).
3. The indirect object in active sentences can also be the subject in direct passive sentences. Examples:
The agent in direct passive sentences can also be marked by other particles, such as によって and から.
によって, meaning 'depending on; owing to; by means of', is usually used in written form or formal speech when X in Xによって is a sort of medium through which or whom something is done. When によって is used, Xによって is usually under strong focus. Therefore, the following sentences are unacceptable under normal circumstances.
から 'from' can be used in place of に when the agent is a sort of source, that is, when there is something coming from the agent.
The following sentences are unacceptable because the agents cannot be considered sources.
5. The other type of passive, the indirect passive, does not exist in English. The indirect passive is different from the direct passive and the English passive in the following ways:
The indirect passive describes an event (X) involving an action by someone or something (Y) which affects another person (Z). As in direct passive sentences, the subject (Z) has no control over the event. Consider the following pair of sentences. (7a), a non-passive sentence, states simply that Taro drank Jiro's beer. (7b), an indirect passive sentence, however, expresses the idea that Jiro was affected by Taro's drinking beer. It implies that Jiro was annoyed in some way by Taro's action, perhaps because the beer Taro drank belonged to Jiro.
6. In the indirect passive construction, Z is usually presented as the topic, marked by は, and Y as the agent, marked by に, as seen in Key Sentence (B) and Key Sentence (C).
7. Since in many situations X negatively affects Z, this construction is also referred to as "adversity passive" or "suffering passive". (Key Sentence (B), Key Sentence (C), Examples (c) and (d)) However, whether X affects Z negatively or positively depends on the situation. Z is not always a "victim", seen in (8) where Z is affected positively.
8. In indirect passive sentences, the agent must be marked by に. If a passive sentence contains an Noun Phrase に, as well as an agent marked by に, the agent must precede the Noun Phrase に. Example:
9. Passive verbs are also used as honorific expressions, as in Key Sentence (D) and Example (e), though the degree of politeness is lower than that of the "おVerbますになる" form and special honorific verbs. (⇨ お~になる) Politeness, in this case, is conveyed through the indirectness of the passive construction.
10. Passive verbs are all Group 2 verbs. The basic conjugations are as follows:
| 話される | nonpast informal affirmative |
| 話されない | nonpast informal negative |
| 話されて | て form |
| 話された | past informal affirmative |
【Related Expression】
The potential form of Group 2 verbs is the same form as the passive form.(⇨ られる2) Potential, passive or honorific structures are identified through syntax and context. Examples:
[1]
[2]
[3]
As seen in [1], if the direct object is marked by が, 食べられる can only be interpreted as potential; if there is an agent marked by に, however, 食べられる expresses indirect passive, as seen in [3]. If there is no agent marked by に and the direct object is marked by を, 食べられる is ambiguous; it can be either honorific, potential or indirect passive, as seen in [2].