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㊦ たって ←

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㊦ て

て Form


The て form ending of verbs and い type adjectives (The て form ending of な type adjectives and the て form of the copula is で. And; -ing

Key Sentences

(ks1). ジムは日本へ行って勉強した・勉強しました。

Jim went to Japan and studied (there).

(ks2). ここのステーキは安く美味しい・美味しいです。

Steaks here are inexpensive and delicious.

(ks3). このアパートは静かいい・いいです。

This apartment is quiet and good.

(ks4). 私の父は先生高校で英語を教えている・います。

My father is a teacher and teaches English at senior high school.


Formation

(i) Group 1 verbs    
verbs 話す→話して Someone talks and
verbs 歩く→歩いて Someone walks and
Exception 行く→行って Someone goes and
verbs 泳ぐ→泳いで Someone swims and
/ぶ/ぬverbs 飲む→飲んで Someone drinks something and
  遊ぶ→遊んで Someone plays and
  死ぬ→死んで Someone dies and
/う/るverbs 待つ→待って Someone waits and
  買う→買って Someone buys something and
  取る→取って Someone takes something and
(ii)Group 2 verbs Vstem  
  食べ Someone eats something and
(iii)Irregular verbs 来る→来 Someone comes and
  するして Someone does something and
(iv)Adjective い Adjective い stemくて  
  くて Something is expensive and
(v)Adjective な Adjective な stem  
  静か Something is quiet and
(vi)Noun+copula N  
  先生 Someone is a teacher and

Examples

(a). 私はコートを脱いハンガーにかけた。

Taking off my coat, I hung it on a hanger.

(b). ワインを飲み過ぎ頭が痛い。

I've drunk too much wine and have a headache.

(c). 私の部屋は狭く暗い。

My room is small and dark.

(d). このスープは辛く飲めない。

This soup is salty (or (spicy) hot) and I can't drink it.

(e). 私はテニスが大好きよく友達とする。

I love tennis and often play with my friends.

(f). ゆみ子は今大学三年専攻は日本文学です。

Yumiko is a junior at college now and her major is Japanese literature.

(g). 伊藤先生は今週病気、かわりに村田先生が教えた。

Professor Itou was ill this week and Professor Murata taught for him.


Notes

1. The form functions, in part, to link sentences. That is, if the last element of the predicate of a clause is the form, it means that that clause is not the end of the sentence and that another predicate or clause follows it. For example, in Example (b) the last element of the predicate of the first clause is 過ぎ, the form of 過ぎる 'do something too much',and 過ぎ is followed by another clause 頭が痛い 'literally:(my) head aches'.

2. The meaning of the form varies according to context, but generally, it corresponds to 'and' or '-ing' in participial constructions.

3. When the form links two predicates, the relationship between the two is often one of the following:

[A1: the action or state expressed by the first predicate; A2: the action or state expressed by the second predicate]

4. The form can be repeated more than once in a clause. Just like the particle と1 makes an exhaustive listing of nouns, the form can list verbs and adjectives exhaustively. (Related: たり~たりする; ) Example:

5. form verbs are also used with such expressions as いる1 'be doing ~', から 'after' and はいけない 'must not do ~'.


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