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て Form
The て form ending of verbs and い type adjectives (The て form ending of な type adjectives and the て form of the copula is で. | And; -ing |
(ks1). ジムは日本へ行って勉強した・勉強しました。
Jim went to Japan and studied (there).
(ks2). ここのステーキは安くて美味しい・美味しいです。
Steaks here are inexpensive and delicious.
(ks3). このアパートは静かでいい・いいです。
This apartment is quiet and good.
(ks4). 私の父は先生で高校で英語を教えている・います。
My father is a teacher and teaches English at senior high school.
(i) Group 1 verbs | ||
すverbs | 話す→話して | Someone talks and |
くverbs | 歩く→歩いて | Someone walks and |
Exception | 行く→行って | Someone goes and |
ぐverbs | 泳ぐ→泳いで | Someone swims and |
む/ぶ/ぬverbs | 飲む→飲んで | Someone drinks something and |
遊ぶ→遊んで | Someone plays and | |
死ぬ→死んで | Someone dies and | |
つ/う/るverbs | 待つ→待って | Someone waits and |
買う→買って | Someone buys something and | |
取る→取って | Someone takes something and | |
(ii)Group 2 verbs | Vstemて | |
食べて | Someone eats something and | |
(iii)Irregular verbs | 来る→来て | Someone comes and |
する→して | Someone does something and | |
(iv)Adjective い | Adjective い stemくて | |
高くて | Something is expensive and | |
(v)Adjective な | Adjective な stemで | |
静かで | Something is quiet and | |
(vi)Noun+copula | Nで | |
先生で | Someone is a teacher and |
(a). 私はコートを脱いでハンガーにかけた。
Taking off my coat, I hung it on a hanger.
(b). ワインを飲み過ぎて頭が痛い。
I've drunk too much wine and have a headache.
(c). 私の部屋は狭くて暗い。
My room is small and dark.
(d). このスープは辛くて飲めない。
This soup is salty (or (spicy) hot) and I can't drink it.
(e). 私はテニスが大好きでよく友達とする。
I love tennis and often play with my friends.
(f). ゆみ子は今大学三年で専攻は日本文学です。
Yumiko is a junior at college now and her major is Japanese literature.
(g). 伊藤先生は今週病気で、かわりに村田先生が教えた。
Professor Itou was ill this week and Professor Murata taught for him.
1. The て form functions, in part, to link sentences. That is, if the last element of the predicate of a clause is the て form, it means that that clause is not the end of the sentence and that another predicate or clause follows it. For example, in Example (b) the last element of the predicate of the first clause is 過ぎて, the て form of 過ぎる 'do something too much',and 過ぎて is followed by another clause 頭が痛い 'literally:(my) head aches'.
2. The meaning of the て form varies according to context, but generally, it corresponds to 'and' or '-ing' in participial constructions.
3. When the て form links two predicates, the relationship between the two is often one of the following:
[A1: the action or state expressed by the first predicate; A2: the action or state expressed by the second predicate]
4. The て form can be repeated more than once in a clause. Just like the particle と1 makes an exhaustive listing of nouns, the て form can list verbs and adjectives exhaustively. (Related: たり~たりする; や) Example:
5. て form verbs are also used with such expressions as いる1 'be doing ~', から 'after' and はいけない 'must not do ~'.